Chad ( French : Chad ; Arabic : تشاد, Tašād ), officially the Republic of Chad (French: République du Tchad ; Arabic: جمهوريّة تشاد, Jumhūriyyat Tašād ), is a state in Central Africa . It borders on Libya in the north, Sudan on the east, the Central European Republic in the south, Cameroon and Nigeria on the southwest, and Niger on the west. The northern part of Chad is located in the Sahara Desert. Chad is divided into three major geographical regions: a desert zone in the north, a dry Sahel belt in the middle and a more fertile savanna in the south. The Chad Lake , which the country is named for, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad’s highest peak is Emi Koussi in the Sahara , and the largest city is the capital N’Djamena . Chad is inhabited by over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. French and Arabic are the official languages. Islam is the most widespread religion.
Beginning in the seventh millennium BC moved large groups of people into the Chadsänkan. At the end of the first millennium BC emerged and fell a series of states and empires in Chad’s Sahel belt, all of which focused on controlling the trans-Sahara trade routes passing through the area. France completed its conquest of the 1920s and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa . In 1960, Chad gained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye. His policy aroused displeasure in the Muslim northern part of the country, culminating in a prolonged civil war in 1965. In 1979, the rebels conquered the capital and ended the southern hegemony. The commander’s commander, however, fought with each other until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. He was overthrown in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby . In recent years, the Darfur conflict in Sudan has spread across the border and destabilized the country.
Many political parties are active in Chad, but power is firmly in the hands of President Déby and his party Mouvement patriotique du Salut . Chad is still plagued by political violence and recurrent attempts at coups . It is one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in Africa. Most chadis live in poverty and carry out farming and livestock farming for household needs. Since 2003, crude oil has become the country’s main source of export revenue, instead of the traditional cotton industry .
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